3 Ghana

Relevant sources of household-level micro records for Ghana are the 6 rounds of Ghana Living Standards Surveys in particular:

  • 1998/1999 GLSS4 (EAs were first stratified into 3 ecological zones (Coastal, Forest, Savannah), and then within each zone further stratification was done into rural or urban areas)
  • 2005/2006 GLSS5 (EAs were first stratified into 10 administrative regions; within each region EAs were further sub-divided into rural or urban areas; EAs were also classified into ecological zones and inclusion of Accra (GAMA) so that the survey results may be presented across 1) Coastal, 2) Forest, and 3) Northern Savannah, and 4) Accra).
  • 2012/2013 GLSS6 (EAs were allocated into 10 regions using probability proportional to population size (PPS), then further divided into urban and rural localities).

In contrast to the latest 2 waves GLSS4 is only representative for 3 (ecology) x 2 (rural/urban) zones.

GLSS surveys collect information on the demographic characteristics of the population, their education, health, employment and time use, migration, housing conditions and household agriculture, with a specific focus on labor force, with a labor force module expanded in GLSS6 to include a section on child labor.

3.1 Household Sampling and Stratification

Table 3.1: Composition of Ghana GLSS Harmonized Survey Samples
Survey Year Regions Districts Sample Urban Rural
GLSS4 1997/98 10 102 5,998 2,199 3,799
GLSS5 2005/06 10 110 8,687 3,618 5,069
GLSS6 2012/13 10 170 16,772 7,445 9,327

3.2 Distribution of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Farm Types

The plots below show the distribution of key variables in the unweighted sample of households across survey waves. The median line is in red, mean line in green, and the blue region is the inferred 95% confidence interval of the mean.

3.2.1 Land Holding

Trends in Farm Sizes across Survey Waves (ha)

Figure 3.1: Trends in Farm Sizes across Survey Waves (ha)

Trends in Farm Sizes across Survey Waves (ha)

Figure 3.1: Trends in Farm Sizes across Survey Waves (ha)

3.2.4 3x3 Farm Classification

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Categories

Figure 3.5: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Categories

Table 3.2: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS6, 2012/13, percent)
    Crop Commercialization
    \(\leq\) 2 ha 2-4 ha \(>\) 4 ha
Income Diversification LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC
LoD mean  9.57 7.68 12.25 2.24 4.03 8.58 1.10 3.14 6.67
  CI 8.4 - 10.8 6.6 - 8.7 10.8 - 13.8 1.7 - 2.8 3.4 - 4.7 7.6 - 9.6 0.7 - 1.5 2.4 - 3.9 5.8 - 7.6
MeD mean  1.69 1.05  1.63 0.26 0.49 1.33 0.21 0.43 1.02
  CI 1.3 - 2.1 0.7 - 1.4 1.3 - 2 0.1 - 0.4 0.3 - 0.7 1 - 1.7 0.1 - 0.4 0.3 - 0.6 0.6 - 1.4
HiD mean 12.45 5.05  6.10 2.49 1.76 3.51 0.94 1.15 3.18
  CI 10.8 - 14.1 3.9 - 6.2 5.2 - 6.9 1.8 - 3.2 1.3 - 2.2 2.8 - 4.2 0.7 - 1.2 0.8 - 1.5 2.6 - 3.8
Table 3.2: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS5, 2005/06, percent)
    Crop Commercialization
    \(\leq\) 2 ha 2-4 ha \(>\) 4 ha
Income Diversification LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC
LoD mean 11.14 10.03 8.99 3.36 5.84 6.38 1.97 6.04 8.43
  CI 9.7 - 12.6 8.8 - 11.2 7.6 - 10.4 2.5 - 4.2 4.9 - 6.8 5.3 - 7.4 1.4 - 2.5 4.8 - 7.2 6.9 - 10
MeD mean  2.56  2.57 2.49 0.74 1.31 1.49 0.24 0.81 1.69
  CI 2 - 3.1 2 - 3.2 1.9 - 3.1 0.5 - 1 0.9 - 1.7 1 - 1.9 0.1 - 0.4 0.5 - 1.1 1.3 - 2.1
HiD mean  8.51  3.81 3.91 1.67 1.26 1.63 0.59 0.93 1.61
  CI 7.2 - 9.9 3 - 4.6 3.1 - 4.7 1.2 - 2.1 0.9 - 1.6 1.2 - 2 0.3 - 0.8 0.6 - 1.3 1.1 - 2.1
Table 3.2: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS4, 1998/99, percent)
    Crop Commercialization
    \(\leq\) 2 ha 2-4 ha \(>\) 4 ha
Income Diversification LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC LoC MeC HiC
LoD mean 9.43 11.67 5.68 9.93 16.73 5.27 0.86 4.45 2.06
  CI 7.6 - 11.3 9.1 - 14.2 4.3 - 7 7.5 - 12.3 13.6 - 19.9 3.7 - 6.9 0.5 - 1.3 3.2 - 5.7 1.3 - 2.8
MeD mean 3.31  2.81 1.54 1.96  2.92 0.90 0.21 0.65 0.26
  CI 2.5 - 4.2 2 - 3.7 0.8 - 2.3 1.4 - 2.5 2 - 3.8 0.6 - 1.2 0.1 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.9 0.1 - 0.4
HiD mean 6.44  3.04 1.61 3.82  1.76 1.54 0.51 0.40 0.22
  CI 4.8 - 8.1 2.1 - 4 0.8 - 2.4 2.7 - 5 1.1 - 2.4 0.6 - 2.4 0.2 - 0.8 0.2 - 0.6 0 - 0.4

3.2.5 Simplified Farm Classification (5-class)

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Categories

Figure 3.6: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Categories

Table 2.8: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS6, 2012/13, percent)
    Farm Types
Farm Size SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
\(\leq\) 2 ha mean 6.76 24.73 7.84 10.56 8.05
  CI 5.9 - 7.6 22.8 - 26.6 6.8 - 8.9 9.3 - 11.8 7 - 9.1
2-4 ha mean 0.94  7.65 3.78  7.55 4.66
  CI 0.7 - 1.2 6.3 - 9 3.2 - 4.3 6.7 - 8.4 3.9 - 5.4
\(>\) 4 ha mean 0.72  4.78 3.02  5.40 3.57
  CI 0.4 - 1 4 - 5.5 2.3 - 3.7 4.7 - 6.1 3 - 4.2
Table 2.6: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS5, 2005/06, percent)
    Farm Types
Farm Size SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
\(\leq\) 2 ha mean 8.24 24.15 10.54 7.47 6.03
  CI 7.1 - 9.4 21.9 - 26.3 9.3 - 11.8 6.3 - 8.6 5 - 7
2-4 ha mean 1.81  5.66  5.49 5.92 3.29
  CI 1.4 - 2.2 4.9 - 6.4 4.6 - 6.4 4.9 - 6.9 2.7 - 3.9
\(>\) 4 ha mean 1.49  4.68  5.68 6.73 2.81
  CI 1.1 - 1.9 3.8 - 5.6 4.6 - 6.7 5.4 - 8.1 2.1 - 3.5
Table 2.7: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (GLSS4, 1998/99, percent)
    Farm Types
Farm Size SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
\(\leq\) 2 ha mean 8.36 15.62 12.42 6.00 3.14
  CI 6.7 - 10 12.7 - 18.5 9.8 - 15.1 4.6 - 7.4 1.9 - 4.4
2-4 ha mean 6.93  9.96 18.32 6.69 2.94
  CI 5.1 - 8.8 8.2 - 11.7 15 - 21.7 4.9 - 8.5 1.9 - 4
\(>\) 4 ha mean 0.74  1.73  4.55 2.08 0.52
  CI 0.4 - 1.1 1.2 - 2.2 3.2 - 5.9 1.3 - 2.8 0.2 - 0.8

Proportions of small holdings across categories (farms below 4 ha)

Table 2.8: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Categories (TNPS all waves, percent, farms below 4 ha)
    Farm Types
Year SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
2012/2013 mean  9.33 39.25 14.08 21.94 15.40
  CI 8.2 - 10.5 36.5 - 42 12.5 - 15.6 19.9 - 24 13.8 - 17
2005/2006 mean 12.79 37.92 20.40 17.04 11.86
  CI 11.2 - 14.4 35 - 40.8 18.4 - 22.4 15 - 19.1 10.3 - 13.4
1998/1999 mean 16.91 28.30 34.01 14.05  6.73
  CI 14.4 - 19.4 25.3 - 31.3 30 - 38 11.4 - 16.7 5.1 - 8.4

3.3 Farm Segmentation along Farm Types (5-class) and Agricultural Potential Quadrants

Agricultural Potential Quadrants, Ghana

Figure 3.7: Agricultural Potential Quadrants, Ghana

3.3.1 All Farms

(TODO: no map has been proceesed yet for GLSS4)

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Quadrants (all farm sizes combined)

Figure 3.8: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Quadrants (all farm sizes combined)

Table 3.3: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Types and Quadrants (GLSS6, 2012/13, percent)
    Farm Types
Quadrant SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 0.30  0.93  0.44  0.53  0.35
  CI 0.1 - 0.5 0.5 - 1.4 0.1 - 0.8 0.2 - 0.9 0.2 - 0.5
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 0.34  3.16  0.25  0.21  0.49
  CI 0.1 - 0.5 1.8 - 4.5 0 - 0.6 0 - 0.4 0 - 1
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 6.30 23.75 11.64 19.06 11.71
  CI 5.3 - 7.3 21.3 - 26.2 10.2 - 13.1 17.1 - 21 10.2 - 13.2
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 1.47  9.32  2.30  3.71  3.74
  CI 1.1 - 1.9 7.6 - 11.1 1.6 - 3 2.7 - 4.7 2.8 - 4.7
Table 2.9: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Types and Quadrants (GLSS5, 2005/06, percent)
    Farm Types
Quadrant SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 0.29  0.95  0.31  0.57 0.34
  CI 0.1 - 0.5 0.3 - 1.6 0.1 - 0.6 0.1 - 1 0 - 0.7
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 0.55  3.75  0.91  0.29 0.31
  CI 0.2 - 0.9 2.6 - 4.9 0 - 2 0 - 0.6 0 - 0.6
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 8.78 22.95 17.69 15.65 9.15
  CI 7.5 - 10 20.4 - 25.5 15.7 - 19.7 13.5 - 17.8 7.7 - 10.6
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 1.93  6.82  2.81  3.62 2.33
  CI 1.1 - 2.7 5.2 - 8.5 1.9 - 3.7 2.3 - 4.9 1.5 - 3.1

3.3.2 Small Farms (below 4 ha)

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Quadrants (farms below 4 ha)

Figure 3.9: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Sizes and Quadrants (farms below 4 ha)

Table 3.4: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Types and Quadrants (GLSS6, 2012/13, percent, farms below 4 ha)
    Farm Types
Quadrant SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 0.35  1.09  0.42  0.59  0.31
  CI 0.1 - 0.6 0.6 - 1.6 0.1 - 0.7 0.2 - 1 0.1 - 0.5
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 0.36  3.45  0.22  0.12  0.56
  CI 0.1 - 0.6 1.8 - 5.1 0 - 0.5 0 - 0.3 0 - 1.2
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 6.87 24.55 10.91 17.44 10.74
  CI 5.8 - 8 21.9 - 27.1 9.4 - 12.5 15.4 - 19.5 9.2 - 12.3
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 1.75 10.16  2.52  3.80  3.78
  CI 1.3 - 2.2 8.2 - 12.1 1.7 - 3.3 2.8 - 4.8 2.7 - 4.8
Table 2.11: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Types and Quadrants (GLSS5, 2005/06, percent, farms below 4 ha)
    Farm Types
Quadrant SUB TRANS PRCOMM SPCOMM DIV
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 0.37  1.19  0.38  0.63 0.44
  CI 0.1 - 0.7 0.4 - 2 0.1 - 0.7 0.1 - 1.1 0 - 0.9
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 0.69  4.35  0.75  0.32 0.39
  CI 0.2 - 1.2 3 - 5.7 0 - 1.6 0 - 0.7 0 - 0.8
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 9.56 24.50 16.08 12.56 8.32
  CI 8.1 - 11 21.8 - 27.2 14.1 - 18.1 10.6 - 14.5 6.9 - 9.7
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 2.16  7.87  3.20  3.53 2.71
  CI 1.3 - 3 6 - 9.8 2.2 - 4.2 2.3 - 4.8 1.8 - 3.7
Table 3.5: Est. Demographic Characteristics of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, percent/km)
Label LoCLoD LoCMeD LoCHiD MeCLoD MeCMeD MeCHiD HiCLoD HiCMeD HiCHiD
age head of hh Mean 47.5 52.3 48.7 47.0 51.4 47.8 47.4 52.4 46.9
  Q50 45.0 53.0 47.0 45.0 50.0 46.0 45.0 50.0 45.0
  SE  0.7  2.1  0.5  0.6  1.9  0.9  0.5  1.5  0.8
ave years of education among hh members, 15-60 yrs Mean  4.0  5.1  6.1  3.8  4.1  5.3  4.3  5.6  5.8
  Q50  4.0  5.8  6.0  3.9  4.0  6.0  4.5  6.0  6.0
  SE  0.2  0.4  0.1  0.1  0.3  0.2  0.1  0.3  0.1
female head of hh widow Mean  5.8 16.5  6.1  5.6 10.6  4.4  3.8  8.8  3.6
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.2  5.2  1.0  1.1  3.5  1.1  0.7  2.7  1.0
female headed hh Mean 27.4 52.5 33.7 20.9 42.9 27.6 20.7 27.2 26.0
  Q50  0.0 100.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  2.0  5.6  1.6  1.7  5.5  2.3  1.5  4.1  2.3
hh labor age $>$14 but $<$60 yrs Mean  2.0  1.8  2.3  2.3  2.1  2.6  2.1  1.9  2.3
  Q50  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  2.0
  SE  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1
highest years of education in hh Mean  5.4  6.6  7.6  5.5  5.7  7.1  5.8  6.6  7.5
  Q50  6.0  7.0  8.0  6.0  6.0  7.0  6.0  7.0  8.0
  SE  0.2  0.4  0.1  0.1  0.3  0.2  0.1  0.3  0.1
household has electricity Mean 33.3 46.1 73.7 29.8 41.8 49.9 34.3 55.1 60.7
  Q50  0.0  0.0 100.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 100.0 100.0
  SE  3.0  5.6  1.5  3.1  5.0  3.3  2.7  4.7  3.2
household has fixed telephone line Mean  0.1  0.0  0.5  0.3  0.0  0.5  0.3  0.0  0.6
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  0.1  0.0  0.2  0.2  0.0  0.3  0.1  0.0  0.3
household has mobile phone Mean 20.6 20.9 11.4 20.4 16.5 15.7 18.2 18.0 13.7
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.9  5.0  1.4  2.1  3.5  2.1  2.1  3.4  1.8
household owns dwelling Mean 66.1 63.8 48.0 71.9 66.0 62.7 70.2 67.5 57.9
  Q50 100.0 100.0  0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
  SE  3.0  4.6  1.9  2.0  5.6  4.3  1.7  4.4  2.7
km from community to bank Mean 13.1 12.3  8.2 16.1 14.7 11.2 15.4 12.2 11.1
  Q50 10.0 10.0  5.0 12.0 10.0  8.0 11.0 10.0  8.0
  SE  0.9  1.1  0.6  1.0  1.5  0.9  1.0  1.0  0.7
km from community to health facility Mean 18.2 17.4 14.4 20.8 18.2 16.5 21.0 18.7 17.9
  Q50 12.0 15.0 10.0 15.0 12.0 11.7 17.0 15.0 14.0
  SE  1.2  1.4  1.1  1.2  1.6  1.4  1.1  1.4  1.0
km from community to nearest motorable road Mean  1.7  0.4  0.2  1.2  0.4  0.4  0.9  0.3  0.3
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  0.4  0.2  0.1  0.3  0.1  0.1  0.2  0.1  0.1
km from community to post office Mean 15.8 14.3 11.5 18.6 15.4 13.5 18.3 15.3 13.7
  Q50 11.0 10.0  8.0 14.0 10.0  9.0 14.0 11.0 10.0
  SE  1.0  1.4  0.9  1.2  1.6  1.2  1.3  1.4  0.9
km from household to nearest water source Mean  1.2  0.3  1.6  1.2  1.4  3.5  3.7  3.5  1.4
  Q50  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.2  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1
  SE  0.6  0.1  0.5  0.3  0.7  1.2  1.9  2.7  0.6
years of education head of hh Mean  3.4  4.4  6.0  3.6  3.1  5.3  4.1  5.0  6.0
  Q50  0.0  4.0  6.0  2.0  0.0  6.0  5.0  6.0  6.0
  SE  0.2  0.4  0.2  0.2  0.4  0.2  0.1  0.4  0.2
Table 3.6: Land Assets of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ha)
Label LoCLoD LoCMeD LoCHiD MeCLoD MeCMeD MeCHiD HiCLoD HiCMeD HiCHiD
land owned Mean 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.1
  Q50 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8
  SE 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
land rented out by hh Mean 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.4 1.5
  Q50  NA  NA  NA  NA  NA  NA  NA  NA  NA
  SE 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.3
land sharecropped out by hh Mean 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
  Q50 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8
  SE 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Table 3.7: Est. Production, Sales, and Income of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, Percent/Cedis)
Label LoCLoD LoCMeD LoCHiD MeCLoD MeCMeD MeCHiD HiCLoD HiCMeD HiCHiD
share of annual crop production sold Mean      0.2      0.2      0.1     29.4     25.1     25.6     70.9     71.1     61.0
  Q50      0.0      0.0      0.0     26.9     24.9     24.7     75.5     77.2     71.0
  SE      0.1      0.1      0.0      1.1      1.7      1.3      1.1      2.2      2.3
share of non-farm income in total income Mean      2.4     48.1     98.1      3.3     48.0     91.0      4.0     49.5     91.3
  Q50      0.0     45.7    100.0      0.0     46.8     95.1      0.0     49.0     95.1
  SE      0.3      1.0      0.2      0.3      0.9      0.5      0.3      0.7      0.4
value of annual crop production Mean    527.9    410.2    217.7  1,349.3    853.4    831.1  1,680.2  1,479.3  1,045.2
  Q50    234.6    255.4     70.0    813.7    536.9    532.7  1,187.5  1,000.3    662.6
  SE     75.6     47.6     28.8    154.5     87.4     70.4     66.7    114.6     64.3
value of annual crop sales Mean      4.6      3.3      0.7    341.5    215.8    212.0  1,273.7  1,136.3    797.4
  Q50      0.0      0.0      0.0    200.0    120.0    112.1    880.0    792.7    426.0
  SE      2.0      1.2      0.2     22.8     34.4     18.3     54.4     93.4     54.5
value of total annual farm income Mean  1,171.2  1,394.2    188.0  1,480.6  1,001.9    915.4  2,051.2  2,165.5  1,421.2
  Q50    390.3    431.6      0.0    906.8    589.5    584.0  1,446.1  1,171.4    892.0
  SE    121.5    339.0     28.2    156.3    105.6     75.8     94.4    279.4    116.3
value of total annual gross income Mean  1,231.1  2,850.8 34,438.1  1,532.2  1,962.7 33,976.4  2,157.6  4,610.0 41,257.5
  Q50    397.4    790.0  8,480.5    934.6  1,148.4 14,134.4  1,511.4  2,341.2 17,071.4
  SE    128.8    741.2  2,955.9    158.1    198.8  3,676.2     99.0    636.6  2,760.2
value of total annual livestock production Mean     15.6      8.5      6.5     77.8     67.0     54.6    300.8    609.6    336.4
  Q50      0.0      0.0      0.0     16.2     16.9     10.0      3.7      5.0      5.0
  SE      2.8      2.8      1.1      5.7      9.6      6.3     74.9    239.9     94.8
value total annual livestock production sold Mean      1.7      1.3      0.6     60.0     52.1     39.6    287.8    592.4    326.8
  Q50      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0
  SE      0.6      0.6      0.2      4.9      8.5      5.0     74.1    238.6     94.6
Table 3.8: Est. Small and Large Livestock Holdings for Farms below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ’000 TLU)
Label LoCLoD LoCMeD LoCHiD MeCLoD MeCMeD MeCHiD HiCLoD HiCMeD HiCHiD
tropical livestock units: cattle Mean 24.1  8.2 14.7 23.5 21.7 10.2 25.9 34.8 14.5
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  6.5  2.8  3.7  3.6  6.5  2.7  3.9 16.6  2.6
tropical livestock units: chicken, rabbits, other poultry Mean  7.0  5.7  5.2 11.9 10.8 12.3 11.2 10.6 10.3
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  6.7  7.8  7.8  4.4  6.7  3.3
  SE  0.7  0.9  0.4  0.7  1.2  0.9  0.7  1.0  0.8
tropical livestock units: horses Mean  4.1  0.9  1.0  3.1  4.9  1.4  2.1  1.5  1.6
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.3  0.5  0.3  0.9  1.7  0.4  0.5  0.8  0.6
tropical livestock units: pigs Mean  7.4  4.4  2.8  8.4  6.0  7.2  5.9  4.6  3.7
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.5  2.0  0.5  1.3  1.8  1.4  1.0  1.4  1.0
tropical livestock units: sheep, goats Mean 21.0 15.0 16.3 36.3 45.0 34.7 34.0 31.8 35.6
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 12.1  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  2.4  2.8  1.3  2.3  5.6  2.5  2.2  3.4  2.5
tropical livestock units: total Mean 63.6 34.2 40.0 83.2 88.5 65.7 79.1 83.4 65.6
  Q50  0.0  2.1  0.0 26.7 32.4 26.7 18.9 19.0 22.2
  SE  9.0  6.1  4.4  6.2 12.6  5.0  5.7 17.9  5.0
Table 3.9: Est. Agricultural Input Use in Farms below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, percent of farms)
Label LoCLoD LoCMeD LoCHiD MeCLoD MeCMeD MeCHiD HiCLoD HiCMeD HiCHiD
farm hires labor Mean 26.1 32.2 40.3 44.3 40.1 48.0 48.5 58.8 48.7
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 100.0  0.0
  SE  2.4  5.4  2.2  2.2  5.0  4.5  2.2  4.0  2.6
farm purchases fuel Mean 14.1 12.2 22.4 28.0 27.0 27.4 34.7 25.3 29.9
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.9  3.1  1.7  2.3  3.8  3.2  2.3  3.8  2.4
farm purchases seeds Mean  7.8  8.5 13.1 17.5 19.5 21.4 15.7 15.8 19.7
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.2  2.8  1.3  1.9  3.7  2.9  1.6  3.4  2.0
farm uses any fertilizer Mean 30.2 14.6 25.5 46.5 42.3 34.1 44.9 42.0 37.8
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  2.7  3.0  1.8  2.4  5.0  3.6  2.3  4.7  2.5
farm uses herbicides Mean 27.4 34.3 39.3 62.9 56.5 64.0 64.9 70.8 57.1
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
  SE  2.4  4.5  2.0  2.6  5.0  2.9  2.2  3.9  3.0
farm uses inorganic fertilizer Mean 24.9 11.6 17.1 35.5 35.8 26.9 34.8 27.8 24.6
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  2.6  2.7  1.5  2.5  4.9  3.3  2.3  3.9  2.4
farm uses irrigation Mean  0.0  0.0  1.0  0.4  1.7  0.6  0.6  0.1  1.0
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  0.0  0.0  0.3  0.2  1.1  0.4  0.2  0.1  0.4
farm uses organic fertilizer Mean  6.9  4.1 10.2 12.3  7.6  7.8 11.6 15.2 15.3
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.3  1.5  1.5  1.5  2.1  1.3  1.4  3.5  2.0
farm uses pesticides Mean 13.7 10.0 19.3 26.0 23.9 27.7 37.7 40.4 35.4
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
  SE  1.9  2.7  1.6  2.1  5.3  3.4  2.5  4.5  2.7

3.4 Farm Characteristics across Types (5-class)

A sample of results across farm types are shown here (see xsheet for complete tabulations).