4.2 Ghana

Using a combination of biophysical and infrastructure geospatial layers available over sub-Saharan African we identify zones of low/high agricultural potential and low/high market access in Ghana. This basket classification is useful to further characterize small farm holders across all 4 quadrants, and for targeting interventions and investments.

The input layers used for Ghana are as follows.

4.2.1 Agricultural Potential

This measure was derived from FAO/IIASA/GAEZ Crop Suitability Index, 2007 (cereals, rainfed, low-input). Soil suitability classifications are based on knowledge of crop requirements, of prevailing soil conditions, and of applied soil management. In other words, soil suitability procedures quantify to what extent soil conditions match crop requirements under defined input and management circumstances.

Low and high potential areas are further classified as:

  • 1-4 values are considered low suitability:
    • 1 Land very poorly suited for pasture and at best poorly suited for rainfed crops
    • 2 Land poorly suited for pasture and at best poorly suited for rainfed crops
    • 3 Lands suited for pasture and at best poorly suited for rainfed crops
    • 4 Land suited for rainfed crops and pasture possible
  • 5-6 values are considered high suitability:
    • 5 Land well suited for rainfed crops and pasture possible
    • 6 Prime land suited for rainfed crops and pasture possible
  • 809-0 is unsuitable:
    • -809 Protected area
    • -807 Urban area
    • -805 Irrigated area
    • -801 Forest
    • 0 Land not suited for agriculture

IIASA/GAEZ crop suitability for Ghana is shown below along with two more recent and higher-resolution remote-sensed land cover classification from ESA/CCI and from USGS/EROS. The fourth map shows areas of low and high agricultural potential based on additional work conducted by BMGF/SDI (this layer was resampled from 10km to 1km resolution and then summarized across districts).

Sources of hi-res Land Cover Maps for Ghana

Fig. 3.26: Sources of hi-res Land Cover Maps for Ghana

Sources of hi-res Climatic Constraints for Ghana (e.g. FEWSNET/MODISC6)

Fig. 3.27: Sources of hi-res Climatic Constraints for Ghana (e.g. FEWSNET/MODISC6)

Mapping Ghana's Agricultural Potential

Fig. 3.28: Mapping Ghana’s Agricultural Potential

Tab. 3.26: USGS/EROS Land Cover Classification
Code Label Class
8 A Agriculture
14 AI Irrigated agriculture
27 AP Cropland and fallow with oil palms
22 B Bowe
24 BL Agriculture in shallows and recession
21 DVF Degraded forest
9 E Water bodies
15 FG Gallery forest and riparian forest
13 H Settlements
78 OPM Open mine
12 SD Bare soil
28 SF Swamp forest
11 SR Rocky land
10 SS Sandy area
23 T Thicket
1 VF Forest
7 VM Mangrove
3 VP Wetland - floodplain
6 VPI Plantation
2 VS Savanna
32 VSb Shrubland
31 VSH Herbaceous savanna
29 VSS Sahelian short grass savanna
4 VSt Steppe
25 WL Woodland
Tab. 3.26: ESA/CCI Land Cover Classification
Code Label Class
0 NODAT No data
10 CROPR Cropland, rainfed
11 HERBC Herbaceous cover
12 TROSC Tree or shrub cover
20 CRIOP Cropland, irrigated or post-flooding
30 MCNVSHC Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%)
40 MNVSHCC Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%)
50 TCBECTO Tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%)
60 TCBDCTO Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%)
61 TCBDC Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%)
62 TCBDO Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%)
70 TCNECTO Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%)
71 TCNEC Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed (>40%)
72 TCNEO Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, open (15-40%)
80 TCNDCTO Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%)
81 TCNDC Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%)
82 TCNDO Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%)
90 TCMLTAN Tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved)
100 MTASHC Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%)
110 MHCTAS Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%)
120 SHRUB Shrubland
121 SHRUE Shrubland evergreen
122 SHRUD Shrubland deciduous
130 GRASS Grassland
140 LICAM Lichens and mosses
150 SVSHC Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%)
151 SPAT Sparse tree (<15%)
152 SPAS Sparse shrub (<15%)
153 SPHC Sparse herbaceous cover (<15%)
160 TCFFOBW Tree cover, flooded, fresh or brakish water
170 TCFSW Tree cover, flooded, saline water
180 SOHCFFW Shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brakish water
190 URBAA Urban areas
200 BAREA Bare areas
201 CONBA Consolidated bare areas
202 UNCBA Unconsolidated bare areas
210 WATEB Water bodies
220 PESAI Permanent snow and ice

4.2.2 Market Access

Low and high market access areas are defined using a 4 hour travel time threshold. The source is IFPRI/HarvestChoice Travel Time to Markets in Africa South of the Sahara, 2016 at 5-arc-minute (10km) resolution:

  • 100 Low access (travel time greater than 4 hours)
  • 200 High access (travel time less than or equal to 4 hours)

All layers were resampled to 1km and then we generated dominant classes across Ghana’s districts (as household GPS locations are not available in any of the GLSS rounds).

Travel Time to Nearest Market by Size. Source: IFPRI/HarvestChoice, 2016.

Fig. 3.29: Travel Time to Nearest Market by Size. Source: IFPRI/HarvestChoice, 2016.

4.2.3 Classification of Farm Holdings across Quadrants

Below is the resulting cross-classification summarized across Ghana’s 170 districts (GLSS6) and 110 districts (GLSS5). Low and high market access districts use a mean travel time to nearest 50K market. In addition all districts that summarize to unsuitable agpot-no are reclassified to low suitability agpot-lo. None of the GLSS survey districts summarize to low suitability, the actual breakdown is given in 3.27.

Tab. 3.27: Distribution of Ghana’s Districts and Observations across Quadrants by Survey Year
Survey Quadrant District Obs.
gha-glss5 agpot-no / mkt-lo      4    195
  agpot-no / mkt-hi      7  1,946
  agpot-lo / mkt-lo      0      0
  agpot-lo / mkt-hi      0      0
  agpot-hi / mkt-lo     78  5,303
  agpot-hi / mkt-hi     21  1,243
  All    110  8,687
gha-glss6 agpot-no / mkt-lo      5    367
  agpot-no / mkt-hi     14  2,992
  agpot-lo / mkt-lo      0      0
  agpot-lo / mkt-hi      0      0
  agpot-hi / mkt-lo    117 10,210
  agpot-hi / mkt-hi     34  3,203
  All    170 16,772
Quadrant Classification across Districts, Ghana 2012/13. Source: authors.

Fig. 3.30: Quadrant Classification across Districts, Ghana 2012/13. Source: authors.

Quadrant Classification across Districts, Ghana 2005/06. Source: authors.

Fig. 3.31: Quadrant Classification across Districts, Ghana 2005/06. Source: authors.

4.2.4 Key Results across Quadrants

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Quadrants (below/above 4 ha)

Fig. 3.32: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Quadrants (below/above 4 ha)

Tab. 3.6: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent)
    Market Access
Ag. Potential mkt-hi mkt-lo
agpot-hi mean 21.6 71.3
  CI 18.1 - 25.1 67.4 - 75.2
agpot-lo mean 0.0 0.0
  CI 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0
agpot-no mean 4.3 2.9
  CI 2.0 - 6.6 1.6 - 4.1

Mean and median household characteristics (farms below 4 ha) across the resulting quadrants are estimated in the tables below.

Tab. 3.28: Est. Demographic Characteristics of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent/km)
    agpot-lo / mkt-lo agpot-lo / mkt-hi agpot-hi / mkt-lo agpot-hi / mkt-hi
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
hhsize_imp Mean  5.3  0.3  4.5  0.3  4.5  0.1  4.1  0.1
  Q50  5.0  0.5  4.0  0.5  4.0  0.0  4.0  0.0
agehead Mean 46.5  1.5 48.7  2.1 47.8  0.3 49.4  0.6
  Q50 43.0  1.8 48.0  1.8 45.0  0.3 48.0  0.5
(100 * femhead) Mean 16.9  3.6 22.3  3.9 26.5  0.9 32.8  2.4
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * widowhead) Mean  3.5  1.8  5.3  1.9  5.0  0.5  7.5  1.3
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
hhlabor Mean  2.6  0.2  2.5  0.1  2.2  0.0  2.1  0.1
  Q50  2.0  0.3  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0
educhead Mean  4.5  0.6  7.3  0.3  4.6  0.1  5.3  0.2
  Q50  5.0  1.5  9.0  0.5  6.0  0.3  6.0  0.0
educave15_60 Mean  4.3  0.5  7.0  0.2  4.8  0.1  5.5  0.1
  Q50  4.2  0.8  7.0  0.3  5.3  0.1  6.0  0.0
educhigh Mean  6.1  0.5  8.6  0.3  6.4  0.1  6.8  0.1
  Q50  6.0  0.5  9.0  0.0  6.0  0.0  7.0  0.3
(100 * ownhome) Mean 72.6  6.3 41.2 11.8 64.8  1.4 54.6  2.4
  Q50 100.0  0.0  0.0 25.5 100.0  0.0 100.0  0.0
(100 * cellphone) Mean 25.6  7.3  3.1  1.5 18.0  1.3 11.8  2.0
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * telephone) Mean  1.4  1.4  0.0  0.0  0.4  0.1  0.4  0.2
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * electricity) Mean 42.3  7.5 78.8  4.1 44.2  2.1 68.0  3.2
  Q50  0.0 25.5 100.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 100.0  0.0
distwater Mean  3.1  1.8  0.1  0.0  2.7  0.7  0.2  0.0
  Q50  0.1  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.1  0.0
distroad Mean  0.7  0.7  0.0  0.0  0.9  0.2  0.2  0.1
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
distpost Mean 30.0  6.5  5.4  0.6 17.3  0.9  9.6  1.3
  Q50 21.6 12.5  5.0  0.0 13.0  1.0  7.0  1.0
distbank Mean 25.7  4.6  5.0  0.2 13.7  0.7  9.7  1.2
  Q50 25.0  5.9  5.0  0.0 10.0  0.8  7.0  1.3
disthealth Mean 29.3  4.5  5.0  0.6 19.9  0.9 14.3  1.5
  Q50 25.0  7.1  5.0  0.0 15.0  1.0 10.0  1.0
Tab. 3.29: Land Assets of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, ha)
    agpot-lo / mkt-lo agpot-lo / mkt-hi agpot-hi / mkt-lo agpot-hi / mkt-hi
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
landown Mean 0.8 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.0
  Q50 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.1
croparea_imp Mean 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.0 1.1 0.0
  Q50 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.0
Tab. 3.30: Est. Production, Sales, and Income of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, Percent/Cedis)
    agpot-lo / mkt-lo agpot-lo / mkt-hi agpot-hi / mkt-lo agpot-hi / mkt-hi
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
aggross Mean  1,851.2    453.7    421.3    122.5  1,176.4     65.2    797.7     77.9
  Q50    458.2    270.0     45.1     84.8    598.9     44.8    311.9     63.8
totgross Mean 17,753.1  2,927.9 63,639.2 15,169.0 14,076.7    711.0 18,479.3  2,010.2
  Q50  2,769.5    968.6 13,723.1  5,623.0  2,000.0    111.2  2,160.8    206.9
(100 * naggross_sh) Mean     47.5      5.3     85.7      3.6     46.0      1.6     59.2      2.6
  Q50     33.2     22.3     99.9      1.4     33.2      6.4     84.8      5.1
cropvalue Mean  1,371.9    451.8    518.9    158.2  1,194.3     58.3    798.1     74.8
  Q50    388.3    206.6    262.2    104.7    717.8     45.6    447.1     68.8
cropsales Mean    412.1    125.8    248.8     90.1    663.9     32.6    422.4     49.3
  Q50     16.7     92.7     60.0     24.2    230.0     27.1    130.5     35.7
(100 * cropsales_sh) Mean     31.0      5.8     18.5      5.5     37.4      1.3     33.2      2.1
  Q50     12.7     11.7      0.0      9.5     31.5      3.3     23.6      6.1
totlvstprod Mean  1,032.7    381.8     44.9     29.9    168.1     39.8    122.5     41.6
  Q50     27.5     28.2      0.0      0.6      0.0      0.7      0.0      0.0
totlivsold Mean    988.2    376.1     35.8     23.2    155.2     39.5    114.4     40.6
  Q50      0.0     16.3      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0
Tab. 3.31: Est. Small and Large Livestock Holdings for Farms below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, ’000 TLU)
    agpot-lo / mkt-lo agpot-lo / mkt-hi agpot-hi / mkt-lo agpot-hi / mkt-hi
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
(1000 * TLU_horse) Mean  0  0  0  0  3  0  0  0
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_cattle) Mean 31 11 28 20 23  2  4  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_pigs) Mean  9  4  0  0  7  1  1  0
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_sheep) Mean 29  4 15  4 32  1 22  2
  Q50  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_small) Mean 12  1  4  1 10  0  7  1
  Q50  4  3  0  0  3  1  0  0
(1000 * TLU_total) Mean 80 15 48 20 74  3 34  3
  Q50 22  6  0  0 14  2  4  2
Tab. 3.32: Est. Agricultural Input Use in Farms below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent of farms)
    agpot-lo / mkt-lo agpot-lo / mkt-hi agpot-hi / mkt-lo agpot-hi / mkt-hi
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
(100 * seeds) Mean 18  4 14  7 17  1 13  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_any) Mean 26  5 13  3 42  1 28  3
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_inorg) Mean 19  5  9  4 32  2 19  3
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_org) Mean  7  3  5  2 12  1 10  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * herb) Mean 56  7 46 10 56  2 50  3
  Q50 100  0  0 26 100  0  0 26
(100 * pest) Mean  9  4 21  3 31  2 23  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * irr) Mean  1  1  0  0  1  0  1  0
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fuel) Mean 20  6 10  3 30  1 22  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * hired_labor) Mean 45  7 19  7 48  2 38  3
  Q50  0 26  0  0  0 26  0  0

Below are estimated distributions of key characteristics for farms below 4 ha as of 2012/13.

Est. Farm Size and Cultivated Area of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, ha)

Fig. 3.33: Est. Farm Size and Cultivated Area of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, ha)

Est. Gross Farm Income and Crop Sales for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, '000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.34: Est. Gross Farm Income and Crop Sales for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent of farms)

Fig. 3.35: Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent of farms)

Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent of farms)

Fig. 3.35: Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent of farms)

4.2.5 Development Domain and Farm Types

In this section we combine results from the farm typology developed in Section 3 with the spatial dimensions outlined above (FAO/GAEZ agricultural suitability and market access using IFPRI/HarvestChoice travel time to nearest 100K market).

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Combined Categories (farms below 4 ha)

Fig. 3.36: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Combined Categories (farms below 4 ha)

Tab. 3.33: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Development Domains and Farm Types (2012/13, percent)
    Farm Type
Development Domain subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3
  CI 0.1 - 0.5 0.5 - 1.5 0.1 - 0.8 0.2 - 1.0 0.1 - 0.5
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 0.1 3.3 0.2 0.1 0.6
  CI 0.0 - 0.2 1.7 - 5.0 0.0 - 0.5 0.0 - 0.3 0.0 - 1.2
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 6.5 24.6 11.2 18.0 11.1
  CI 5.4 - 7.5 21.9 - 27.2 9.7 - 12.8 15.9 - 20.1 9.5 - 12.7
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 1.3 10.0 2.6 3.9 3.9
  CI 0.9 - 1.7 8.1 - 11.9 1.8 - 3.4 2.9 - 5.0 2.8 - 5.0

Mean and median household characteristics (farms below 4 ha) across the resulting quadrants are estimated in the tables below.

Tab. 3.34: Est. Demographic Characteristics of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent/km)
    subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
hhsize_imp Mean  4.2  0.1  4.5  0.1  4.8  0.1  4.3  0.1  4.4  0.1
  Q50  4.0  0.0  4.0  0.0  4.0  0.3  4.0  0.0  4.0  0.0
agehead Mean 49.6  0.7 48.9  0.4 47.0  0.6 47.4  0.5 48.1  0.7
  Q50 48.0  1.3 47.0  0.5 45.0  1.0 45.0  0.5 46.0  0.8
(100 * femhead) Mean 30.1  2.2 33.6  1.4 20.9  1.7 20.7  1.5 26.2  2.1
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * widowhead) Mean  6.4  1.4  6.4  0.9  5.6  1.1  3.8  0.7  4.7  1.0
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
hhlabor Mean  2.1  0.1  2.3  0.0  2.3  0.1  2.1  0.1  2.2  0.1
  Q50  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0  2.0  0.0
educhead Mean  3.1  0.2  5.6  0.1  3.6  0.2  4.1  0.1  5.8  0.2
  Q50  0.0  0.0  6.0  0.0  2.0  1.0  5.0  0.5  6.0  0.0
educave15_60 Mean  3.8  0.2  5.8  0.1  3.8  0.1  4.3  0.1  5.8  0.1
  Q50  3.5  0.4  6.0  0.0  3.9  0.3  4.5  0.2  6.0  0.0
educhigh Mean  5.3  0.2  7.3  0.1  5.5  0.1  5.8  0.1  7.3  0.1
  Q50  6.0  0.0  8.0  0.3  6.0  0.0  6.0  0.0  8.0  0.3
(100 * ownhome) Mean 74.5  3.2 53.1  1.8 71.9  2.0 70.2  1.7 59.9  2.6
  Q50 100.0  0.0 100.0  0.0 100.0  0.0 100.0  0.0 100.0  0.0
(100 * cellphone) Mean 22.8  2.2 13.0  1.2 20.4  2.1 18.2  2.1 14.6  1.8
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * telephone) Mean  0.0  0.0  0.5  0.1  0.3  0.2  0.3  0.1  0.4  0.2
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
(100 * electricity) Mean 29.3  3.2 65.9  1.6 29.8  3.1 34.3  2.7 59.5  3.1
  Q50  0.0  0.0 100.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 100.0  0.0
distwater Mean  0.6  0.2  2.0  0.5  1.2  0.3  3.7  1.9  1.9  0.8
  Q50  0.2  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.2  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.1  0.0
distroad Mean  1.6  0.4  0.3  0.1  1.2  0.3  0.9  0.2  0.3  0.1
  Q50  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
distpost Mean 16.0  1.1 12.7  0.8 18.6  1.2 18.3  1.3 14.0  1.0
  Q50 11.0  0.5  9.0  0.8 14.0  0.9 14.0  1.0 10.0  1.0
distbank Mean 13.2  1.0 10.0  0.6 16.1  1.0 15.4  1.0 11.4  0.7
  Q50 10.0  0.8  7.0  1.0 12.0  1.0 11.0  1.0  8.0  0.8
disthealth Mean 18.2  1.2 15.7  0.9 20.8  1.2 21.0  1.1 18.1  1.0
  Q50 12.0  1.3 10.0  1.0 15.0  1.0 17.0  0.8 15.0  1.0
Tab. 3.35: Land Assets of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, ha)
    subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
landown Mean 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.1
  Q50 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.1
landshare Mean 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1
  Q50 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.1
landrent Mean 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.2 0.3
  Q50 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4
croparea_imp Mean 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.7 0.0 1.5 0.1
  Q50 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.6 0.0 1.4 0.1
Tab. 3.36: Est. Production, Sales, and Income of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, Percent/Cedis)
    subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
aggross Mean    764.30     91.89    358.47     27.50  1,480.59    156.33  2,051.20     94.36  1,581.22    117.76
  Q50    322.59     32.34     21.10     16.61    906.75     50.29  1,446.06     80.14  1,036.63     79.69
totgross Mean    799.08     95.35 30,739.87  2,270.34  1,532.24    158.06  2,157.56     98.99 33,376.99  2,285.26
  Q50    330.23     32.57  8,175.35    705.53    934.65     47.01  1,511.40     88.77 11,445.19    985.85
(100 * naggross_sh) Mean      2.24      0.33     92.52      0.50      3.32      0.31      3.96      0.28     82.33      0.86
  Q50      0.00      0.00     99.83      0.12      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00     91.57      1.15
cropvalue Mean    572.90     81.55    523.32     35.11  1,349.28    154.45  1,680.17     66.75  1,138.59     62.22
  Q50    265.33     26.33    261.90     22.65    813.72     53.96  1,187.46     62.01    773.29     65.30
cropsales Mean      5.02      2.21     99.55      8.72    341.55     22.78  1,273.75     54.35    870.28     51.81
  Q50      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00    200.00     16.58    880.00     53.12    521.02     58.67
(100 * cropsales_sh) Mean      0.30      0.05      7.70      0.65     29.57      0.59     76.60      0.72     78.63      0.74
  Q50      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00     30.40      1.01     76.94      1.25     79.55      1.20
totlvstprod Mean     14.64      2.84     29.71      2.81     77.76      5.66    300.83     74.86    395.16     97.55
  Q50      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00     16.16      4.34      3.70      4.08      5.00      4.28
totlivsold Mean      1.86      0.64     19.79      2.09     60.00      4.86    287.82     74.08    383.90     97.10
  Q50      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
Tab. 3.37: Est. Small and Large Livestock Holdings for Farms below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, ’000 TLU)
    subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
(1000 * TLU_horse) Mean  5  2  1  0  3  1  2  1  2  0
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_cattle) Mean 21  4 14  3 24  4 26  4 19  4
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_pigs) Mean  9  2  4  1  8  1  6  1  4  1
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_sheep) Mean 24  3 22  1 36  2 34  2 35  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  3  0  0  0  0
(1000 * TLU_small) Mean  8  1  7  0 12  1 11  1 10  1
  Q50  0  1  0  0  7  1  4  1  4  1
(1000 * TLU_total) Mean 67  9 49  4 83  6 79  6 69  6
  Q50  4  3  2  1 27  3 19  3 22  3
Tab. 3.38: Est. Agricultural Input Use in Farms below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent of farms)
    subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
Variable est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err. est. std. err.
(100 * seeds) Mean  9  1 15  1 18  2 16  2 19  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_any) Mean 35  3 29  2 46  2 45  2 39  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0 26  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_inorg) Mean 29  3 20  1 36  3 35  2 25  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fert_org) Mean  8  2 10  1 12  1 12  1 15  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * herb) Mean 31  3 47  2 63  3 65  2 60  3
  Q50  0  0  0 26 100  0 100  0 100  0
(100 * pest) Mean 15  2 22  1 26  2 38  2 37  3
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * irr) Mean  0  0  1  0  0  0  1  0  1  0
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * fuel) Mean 16  2 24  1 28  2 35  2 29  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
(100 * hired_labor) Mean 30  3 43  2 44  2 49  2 51  2
  Q50  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 26 100  0

Below are estimated distributions of key characteristics for farms below 4 ha as of 2012/13.

Est. Farm Size and Cultivated Area of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, ha)

Fig. 3.37: Est. Farm Size and Cultivated Area of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, ha)

Est. Gross Farm Income and Crop Sales for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, '000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.38: Est. Gross Farm Income and Crop Sales for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent of farms)

Fig. 3.39: Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent of farms)

Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent of farms)

Fig. 3.39: Est. Input Uses for Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Farm Types (2012/13, percent of farms)

4.2.6 Revised Development Domains

In this section we combine results from the farm typology developed in Section 3 with the spatial dimensions outlined above (agricultural suitability and market access using GLUES suitability product and IFPRI/HarvestChoice travel time to nearest 100K market). GLUES suitability grid was modified to account for unsuitable forested, protected, and urban areas (white pixels).

Areas of Low/High Agricultural Suitability (Ghana, 1980-2011)

Fig. 3.40: Areas of Low/High Agricultural Suitability (Ghana, 1980-2011)

The 2 maps below show Ghana’s districts (GLSS6) classified across areas of lo/hi ag. potential and lo/hi market access (using below/above 4hrs travel time to nearest 100K market).

Spatial Quadrant Segmentation

Fig. 3.41: Spatial Quadrant Segmentation

First we show the distribution of small/large farms across the revised quadrant typology.

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Quadrants (below/above 4 ha)

Fig. 3.42: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Quadrants (below/above 4 ha)

Tab. 3.39: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Quadrants (2012/13, percent)
    Market Access
Ag. Potential mkt-hi mkt-lo
agpot-hi mean 9.1 44.8
  CI 6.4 - 11.7 40.7 - 48.8
agpot-lo mean 16.8 29.4
  CI 13.5 - 20.1 25.9 - 32.8

Below we show the distribution of small holdings across quadrants and farm types.

Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Types and Quadrants (farms below 4 ha, GLUES crop suitability)

Fig. 3.43: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Farm Types and Quadrants (farms below 4 ha, GLUES crop suitability)

Tab. 3.40: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Development Domains and Farm Types (2012/13, percent)
    Farm Type
Development Domain (GLUES) subs. trans. pre-comm. specd. comm. divf. comm.
agpot-lo / mkt-lo mean 1.7 8.4 3.4 7.6 4.8
  CI 1.2 - 2.3 6.8 - 10.0 2.6 - 4.2 6.2 - 9.0 3.8 - 5.9
agpot-lo / mkt-hi mean 1.1 10.1 2.0 3.5 3.9
  CI 0.5 - 1.6 8.0 - 12.2 1.1 - 2.9 2.4 - 4.6 2.7 - 5.1
agpot-hi / mkt-lo mean 4.5 13.6 7.0 8.8 4.9
  CI 3.6 - 5.4 11.4 - 15.9 5.7 - 8.3 7.0 - 10.5 3.6 - 6.1
agpot-hi / mkt-hi mean 0.8 6.8 2.1 2.7 2.3
  CI 0.5 - 1.1 5.1 - 8.5 1.3 - 2.9 1.9 - 3.5 1.5 - 3.0