3.2 Ghana

Relevant sources of household-level micro records for Ghana are the 6 rounds of Ghana Living Standards Surveys in particular:

• 1998/1999 GLSS4 (EAs were first stratified into 3 ecological zones (Coastal, Forest, Savannah), and then within each zone further stratification was done into rural or urban areas)
• 2005/2006 GLSS5 (EAs were first stratified into 10 administrative regions; within each region EAs were further sub-divided into rural or urban areas; EAs were also classified into ecological zones and inclusion of Accra (GAMA) so that the survey results may be presented across 1) Coastal, 2) Forest, and 3) Northern Savannah, and 4) Accra).
• 2012/2013 GLSS6 (EAs were allocated into 10 regions using probability proportional to population size (PPS), then further divided into urban and rural localities).

In contrast to the latest 2 waves GLSS4 is only representative for 3 (ecology) x 2 (rural/urban) zones.

GLSS collect information on the demographic characteristics of the population, their education, health, employment and time use, migration, housing conditions and household agriculture, with a specific focus on labour force, with a labour force module expanded in GLSS6 to include a section on child labour.

Tab. 3.15: Composition of GLSS Survey Samples

Survey	Year	Regions	Districts	Sample	Urban	Rural
GLSS4	1997/98	10	102	5,998	2,199	3,799
GLSS5	2005/06	10	110	8,687	3,618	5,069
GLSS6	2012/13	10	170	16,772	7,445	9,327

RIGA aggregates were used to estimate both crop sales and farm vs. non-farm income.

3.2.1 Cultivated Area

RIGA does not provide annual cultivated area, instead we have measures of land owned, land rented out, and land under sharecropping. IFPRI/HarvestChoice produced pseudo-panel variables \(landcul\) and \(landown\) (but the results look a little dubious for GLSS4, see 3.16 below). Using operated area derived from RIGA instead (i.e. \(croparea=landown+landshare-landrent\)) does yield higher proportions of households for GLSS4 but lower for GLSS6. In general GLSS4 seems to exhibit poorer data quality.

Tab. 3.16: Proportions of sampled households with any cultivated area across survey years (mutliple sources shown)

	Percent oh Hhlds with Cultivated Area
	IFPRI (landcult)		IFPRI (landown)		RIGA
Year	rural	urban	rural	urban	rural	urban
1998	13.2	3.7	37.1	12.5	35.9	11.2
1999	9.0	1.1	34.0	9.2	29.5	9.3
2005	83.6	24.4	56.9	20.1	72.5	32.2
2006	83.6	19.6	51.4	12.5	69.8	17.2
2012	76.7	23.5	100.0	100.0	59.5	25.7
2013	78.6	20.1	99.6	97.1	61.6	17.3

Fig. 3.8: Cultivated Area (ha). Source: IFPRI 2016

Fig. 3.9: Farm Size (ha). Source: IFPRI 2016

Fig. 3.10: Operated Area (ha). Source: FAO/RIGA

In the following classification we use option #3 (FAO/RIGA operated area) across the 3 waves.

Tab. 3.17: Count of Observations across Classes of Operated Area

	\(\leq\) 2 ha	2-4 ha	\(>\) 4 ha	N (sample)
2012/13	5,258	2,485	1,725	16,772
2005/06	2,961	1,249	1,152	8,687
1998/99	1,865	1,769	435	5,998
All	10,084	5,503	3,312	31,457

Tab. 3.18: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Operated Area (percent of full survey sample)

	\(\leq\) 2 ha	2-4 ha	\(>\) 4 ha
2012/13	31.3	14.8	10.3
2005/06	34.1	14.4	13.3
1998/99	31.1	29.5	7.3
All	32.1	17.5	10.5

Tab. 3.19: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Operated Area (percent of selected farm households)

	\(\leq\) 2 ha	2-4 ha	\(>\) 4 ha	All
2012/13	55.5	26.2	18.2	100.0
2005/06	55.2	23.3	21.5	100.0
1998/99	45.8	43.5	10.7	100.0
All	53.4	29.1	17.5	100.0

We further impute cultivated area for households with some amount of crop production and crop sales to ensure internal consistency in the sample (over 5,700 households reported crop sales but no cultivated area). Figure 3.11 below show cultivated area post-imputation.

Fig. 3.11: Cultivated Area (ha) (post-imputation)

3.2.2 Crop Commercialization

We evaluate multiple sources (and/or proxies) of aggregate household crop sales (again from FAO/RIGA and separately from IFPRI). Generally RIGA reports gross crop production, crop sales, and share of crop production sold in \(totcropprod\), \(totcropsold\), and \(shcropsold\) respectively. All other relevant variables are listed here:

• \(totcropprod\) – value of total annual crop production
• \(totcropsold\) – value of total annual crop production sold
• \(totagprod\) – value of total annual agricultural production
• \(totagsold\) – value of total annual agricultural production sold
• \(totlvstprod\) – value of total annual livestock production
• \(totlivsold\) – value total annual livestock production sold
• \(agowncons\) – value total annual agricultural production consumed
• \(agmisc\) – value total annual agricultural production- miscellaneous uses
• \(shagprodsold\) – share of annual agricultural production sold in total agricultural production
• \(shagowncons\) – share of annual agricultural production consumed in total agricultural productio
• \(shagmisc\) – share of annual agricultural production misc in total agricultural production
• \(shcropsold\) – share of total annual crop production sold in total crop production
• \(shlvstsold\) – share of total annual livestock production sold in total livestock production
• \(cropincome1gross(imp)\) – gross crop income (crop1)
• \(cropincome2gross(imp)\) – gross crop income (crop2)
• \(livestockgross(imp)\) – gross livestock income

However the quality of these constructed variables for Ghana tends to vary widely across survey years.

Fig. 3.12: Sources of Crop Commercialization (FAO/RIGA \(totcropsold\))

Fig. 3.13: Sources of Crop Commercialization (FAO/RIGA \(shcropsold\))

Fig. 3.14: Sources of Crop Commercialization (FAO/RIGA \(shagprodsold\))

Looking at the pirate plots above (and tables below), sales from agricultural products for urban households seem to have been excluded from RIGA aggregates (though that’s not the case for GLSS4) OR urban households have largely abandoned farming over the past 12 years (also possible).

Tab. 3.20: Sales of Crops and Agricultural Products (percent of sampled households) Source: FAO/RIGA)

	Hhlds with Gross Ag Income		Hhlds with no Revenue from Farming		Hhlds with Ag. Sales		HHlds with Crop Sales		Share of Crop Sales in Ag Sales
Wave	rural	urban	rural	urban	rural	urban	rural	urban	rural	urban
2012/13	85.8	1.8	14.2	98.2	68.5	0.0	58.8	0.0	85.8	NA
2005/06	87.4	2.5	12.6	97.5	73.6	0.0	64.5	0.0	87.7	NA
1998/99	86.7	36.8	13.3	63.2	70.7	23.9	64.8	20.1	91.7	84.0

In the rest of the analysis we use FAO/RIGA share of agricultutal products sold \(shagprodsold\) as a proxy measure of crop commercialization.

Fig. 3.15: Crop Commercialization in Farms below/above 4ha of Cultivated Area (FAO/RIGA \(shagprodsold\))

3.2.3 Income Diversification

Non-farm income was derived from gross RIGA components as:

\[ naggross=transfersgrossimp+otherincimp+nonfarmrntimp+nonagr\_wge+selfemp \]

\(selfemp\) was imputed to omit negative values. The final distribution of non-farm income in the survey samples is shown below for both rural and urban households

Fig. 3.16: Gross Rural Non-Farm Income across Survey Waves (percent, \(naggrosssh\)) Source: FAO/RIGA

Fig. 3.17: Gross Urban Non-Farm Income across Survey Waves (percent, \(naggrosssh\)) Source: FAO/RIGA

3.2.4 Classification of Small Farm Holdings

Within the sub-sample of farm households we look at the distribution of households across these three key (“threshold”) variables:

• Cultivated/operated area \(cropareaimp\) (using breaks at 2 ha and/or 4 ha and excluding farm households with no \(cropareaimp\))
• Crop commercialization \(cropsales\_sh\) (using breaks at 5% and 50% of crop production)
• Share of off-farm income in total hhld income \(naggross\_sh\) (using breaks at 1/3 and 2/3 of total gross household income)

The tables below show this classification, as proportions of the entire survey samples, and of the selected farm samples.

Tab. 3.3: Count of Observations across Classes of Farm Households

		\(\leq\) 2 ha			2-4 ha			\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	All
2012/13	LoD	676	795	920	129	450	762	67	331	540	4,768
	MeD	103	110	137	19	63	98	8	46	81	688
	HiD	1,335	470	526	357	196	303	236	119	234	9,615
	All	2,300	1,375	1,583	613	709	1,163	374	496	855	16,772
2005/06	LoD	430	609	360	126	339	295	91	330	322	2,958
	MeD	87	147	116	24	62	69	11	42	69	646
	HiD	757	184	168	151	65	89	153	43	61	4,425
	All	1,377	940	644	330	466	453	285	415	452	8,687
1998/99	LoD	350	573	232	310	755	232	29	205	99	2,823
	MeD	119	135	57	68	117	40	9	30	15	600
	HiD	194	143	56	120	73	53	17	20	11	2,228
	All	669	851	345	499	945	325	55	255	125	5,998

Tab. 3.4: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Farm Households (percent of full survey sample)

		\(\leq\) 2 ha			2-4 ha			\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	All
2012/13	LoD	4.0	4.7	5.5	0.8	2.7	4.5	0.4	2.0	3.2	28.4
	MeD	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.1	0.4	0.6	0.0	0.3	0.5	4.1
	HiD	8.0	2.8	3.1	2.1	1.2	1.8	1.4	0.7	1.4	57.3
	All	13.7	8.2	9.4	3.7	4.2	6.9	2.2	3.0	5.1	100.0
2005/06	LoD	4.9	7.0	4.1	1.5	3.9	3.4	1.0	3.8	3.7	34.1
	MeD	1.0	1.7	1.3	0.3	0.7	0.8	0.1	0.5	0.8	7.4
	HiD	8.7	2.1	1.9	1.7	0.7	1.0	1.8	0.5	0.7	50.9
	All	15.9	10.8	7.4	3.8	5.4	5.2	3.3	4.8	5.2	100.0
1998/99	LoD	5.8	9.6	3.9	5.2	12.6	3.9	0.5	3.4	1.7	47.1
	MeD	2.0	2.3	1.0	1.1	2.0	0.7	0.2	0.5	0.3	10.0
	HiD	3.2	2.4	0.9	2.0	1.2	0.9	0.3	0.3	0.2	37.1
	All	11.2	14.2	5.8	8.3	15.8	5.4	0.9	4.3	2.1	100.0

Tab. 3.5: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Farm Households (percent of selected farm households)

		\(\leq\) 2 ha			2-4 ha			\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	All
2012/13	LoD	7.4	8.7	10.1	1.4	4.9	8.4	0.7	3.6	5.9	51.3
	MeD	1.1	1.2	1.5	0.2	0.7	1.1	0.1	0.5	0.9	7.3
	HiD	14.7	5.2	5.8	3.9	2.2	3.3	2.6	1.3	2.6	41.4
	All	23.2	15.1	17.4	5.5	7.8	12.8	3.4	5.4	9.4	100.0
2005/06	LoD	8.3	11.7	6.9	2.4	6.5	5.7	1.8	6.3	6.2	55.8
	MeD	1.7	2.8	2.2	0.5	1.2	1.3	0.2	0.8	1.3	12.1
	HiD	14.6	3.5	3.2	2.9	1.2	1.7	2.9	0.8	1.2	32.1
	All	24.5	18.1	12.4	5.8	9.0	8.7	4.9	8.0	8.7	100.0
1998/99	LoD	8.6	14.1	5.7	7.6	18.6	5.7	0.7	5.0	2.4	68.6
	MeD	2.9	3.3	1.4	1.7	2.9	1.0	0.2	0.7	0.4	14.5
	HiD	4.8	3.5	1.4	3.0	1.8	1.3	0.4	0.5	0.3	16.9
	All	16.3	21.0	8.5	12.3	23.3	8.0	1.4	6.3	3.1	100.0

In the next tables we limit categories to farm households below/above 4ha (as this approach produces classes with larger counts of observations).

Tab. 3.21: Count of Observations across Classes of Farm Households (farms above/below 4 ha)

		\(\leq\) 4 ha			\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC	LoC	MeC	HiC	All
2012/13	LoD	805	1,245	1,682	67	331	540	4,768
	MeD	122	173	235	8	46	81	688
	HiD	1,692	666	829	236	119	234	9,615
	All	2,913	2,084	2,746	374	496	855	16,772
2005/06	LoD	556	948	655	91	330	322	2,958
	MeD	111	209	185	11	42	69	646
	HiD	908	249	257	153	43	61	4,425
	All	1,707	1,406	1,097	285	415	452	8,687
1998/99	LoD	660	1,328	464	29	205	99	2,823
	MeD	187	252	97	9	30	15	600
	HiD	314	216	109	17	20	11	2,228
	All	1,168	1,796	670	55	255	125	5,998

Tab. 3.22: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Farm Households (farms above/below 4 ha) (percent of full survey sample)

		\(\leq\) 4 ha				\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC		LoC	MeC	HiC		All
2012/13	LoD	4.8	7.4	10.0	22.3	0.4	2.0	3.2	5.6	28.4
	MeD	0.7	1.0	1.4	3.2	0.0	0.3	0.5	0.8	4.1
	HiD	10.1	4.0	4.9	19.0	1.4	0.7	1.4	3.5	57.3
	All	17.4	12.4	16.4	46.2	2.2	3.0	5.1	10.3	100.0
2005/06	LoD	6.4	10.9	7.5	24.9	1.0	3.8	3.7	8.6	34.1
	MeD	1.3	2.4	2.1	5.8	0.1	0.5	0.8	1.4	7.4
	HiD	10.5	2.9	3.0	16.3	1.8	0.5	0.7	3.0	50.9
	All	19.7	16.2	12.6	48.5	3.3	4.8	5.2	13.3	100.0
1998/99	LoD	11.0	22.1	7.7	40.9	0.5	3.4	1.7	5.6	47.1
	MeD	3.1	4.2	1.6	8.9	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.9	10.0
	HiD	5.2	3.6	1.8	10.7	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.8	37.1
	All	19.5	29.9	11.2	60.6	0.9	4.3	2.1	7.3	100.0

Tab. 3.23: Proportions of Observations across Classes of Farm Households (farms above/below 4 ha) (percent of selected farm households)

		\(\leq\) 4 ha				\(>\) 4 ha
Wave		LoC	MeC	HiC		LoC	MeC	HiC		All
2012/13	LoD	8.8	13.7	18.5	41.0	0.7	3.6	5.9	10.3	51.3
	MeD	1.3	1.9	2.6	5.8	0.1	0.5	0.9	1.5	7.3
	HiD	18.6	7.3	9.1	35.0	2.6	1.3	2.6	6.5	41.4
	All	28.7	22.9	30.1	81.8	3.4	5.4	9.4	18.2	100.0
2005/06	LoD	10.7	18.2	12.6	41.5	1.8	6.3	6.2	14.3	55.8
	MeD	2.1	4.0	3.6	9.7	0.2	0.8	1.3	2.3	12.1
	HiD	17.5	4.8	4.9	27.2	2.9	0.8	1.2	4.9	32.1
	All	30.3	27.0	21.1	78.4	4.9	8.0	8.7	21.6	100.0
1998/99	LoD	16.2	32.7	11.4	60.4	0.7	5.0	2.4	8.2	68.6
	MeD	4.6	6.2	2.4	13.2	0.2	0.7	0.4	1.3	14.5
	HiD	7.7	5.3	2.7	15.7	0.4	0.5	0.3	1.2	16.9
	All	28.6	44.2	16.5	89.3	1.4	6.3	3.1	10.7	100.0

Using data from the 3 GLSS waves we estimate the proportions of farm households across all categories and the distributions of other key household characteristics (household structure, assets, farm input uses, etc.).

Estimated proportions of farm households across classes and categories are shown in the next graph and table.

3.2.5 Key Results

Fig. 3.18: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings across Cultivated Area and Categories

Tab. 3.6: Est. Proportions of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, percent)

		Crop Commercialization
Income Diversification		LoC	MeC	HiC
LoD	mean	8.1	14.5	22.6
	CI	7.0 - 9.2	12.9 - 16.1	20.5 - 24.7
MeD	mean	1.4	1.8	3.4
	CI	1.1 - 1.8	1.4 - 2.2	2.8 - 4.0
HiD	mean	27.0	8.7	12.5
	CI	24.2 - 29.8	7.3 - 10.1	11.0 - 13.9

Tab. 3.24: Est. Demographic Characteristics of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, percent/km)

		LoCLoD		LoCMeD		LoCHiD		MeCLoD		MeCMeD		MeCHiD		HiCLoD		HiCMeD		HiCHiD
Variable		est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.
hhsize_imp	Mean	4.2	0.1	3.6	0.2	4.3	0.1	4.8	0.1	4.5	0.2	5.2	0.2	4.3	0.1	3.9	0.2	4.6	0.1
	Q50	4.0	0.0	3.0	0.3	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.3	4.0	0.5	5.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.3	4.0	0.3
agehead	Mean	49.6	0.7	54.1	2.4	48.8	0.5	47.0	0.6	51.4	1.9	47.8	0.9	47.4	0.5	52.4	1.5	46.9	0.8
	Q50	48.0	1.3	55.0	2.6	47.0	0.8	45.0	1.0	50.0	2.3	46.0	1.3	45.0	0.5	50.0	2.0	45.0	1.0
(100 * femhead)	Mean	30.1	2.2	56.9	6.3	33.6	1.7	20.9	1.7	42.9	5.5	27.6	2.3	20.7	1.5	27.2	4.1	26.0	2.3
	Q50	0.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	25.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
(100 * widowhead)	Mean	6.4	1.4	19.5	6.2	6.1	1.0	5.6	1.1	10.6	3.5	4.4	1.1	3.8	0.7	8.8	2.7	3.6	1.0
	Q50	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
hhlabor	Mean	2.1	0.1	1.6	0.1	2.3	0.1	2.3	0.1	2.1	0.1	2.6	0.1	2.1	0.1	1.9	0.1	2.3	0.1
	Q50	2.0	0.0	1.0	0.3	2.0	0.0	2.0	0.0	2.0	0.0	2.0	0.0	2.0	0.0	2.0	0.1	2.0	0.0
educhead	Mean	3.1	0.2	4.3	0.4	6.0	0.2	3.6	0.2	3.1	0.4	5.3	0.2	4.1	0.1	5.0	0.4	6.0	0.2
	Q50	0.0	0.0	3.7	1.5	6.0	0.3	2.0	1.0	0.0	0.8	6.0	0.0	5.0	0.5	6.0	0.5	6.0	0.3
educave15_60	Mean	3.8	0.2	4.9	0.4	6.1	0.1	3.8	0.1	4.1	0.3	5.3	0.2	4.3	0.1	5.6	0.3	5.8	0.1
	Q50	3.5	0.4	5.8	0.4	6.0	0.1	3.9	0.3	4.0	0.5	6.0	0.2	4.5	0.2	6.0	0.2	6.0	0.0
educhigh	Mean	5.3	0.2	6.4	0.3	7.6	0.1	5.5	0.1	5.7	0.3	7.1	0.2	5.8	0.1	6.6	0.3	7.5	0.1
	Q50	6.0	0.0	7.0	0.3	8.0	0.5	6.0	0.0	6.0	0.0	7.0	0.3	6.0	0.0	7.0	0.5	8.0	0.5
(100 * ownhome)	Mean	74.5	3.2	72.3	4.7	48.1	1.9	71.9	2.0	66.0	5.6	62.7	4.3	70.2	1.7	67.5	4.4	57.9	2.7
	Q50	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	25.5	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0
(100 * cellphone)	Mean	22.8	2.2	23.1	5.9	11.4	1.4	20.4	2.1	16.5	3.5	15.7	2.1	18.2	2.1	18.0	3.4	13.7	1.8
	Q50	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
(100 * telephone)	Mean	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.3
	Q50	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
(100 * electricity)	Mean	29.3	3.2	42.8	6.4	73.8	1.6	29.8	3.1	41.8	5.0	49.9	3.3	34.3	2.7	55.1	4.7	60.7	3.2
	Q50	0.0	0.0	0.0	25.5	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	25.5	0.0	25.5	0.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	0.0
distwater	Mean	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.1	1.6	0.6	1.2	0.3	1.4	0.7	3.5	1.2	3.7	1.9	3.5	2.7	1.4	0.6
	Q50	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0
distroad	Mean	1.6	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.1	1.2	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.4	0.1	0.9	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.1
	Q50	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
distpost	Mean	16.0	1.1	14.8	1.5	11.5	0.9	18.6	1.2	15.4	1.6	13.5	1.2	18.3	1.3	15.3	1.4	13.7	0.9
	Q50	11.0	0.5	12.0	1.7	8.0	1.0	14.0	0.9	10.0	1.0	9.0	1.0	14.0	1.0	11.0	1.4	10.0	1.0
distbank	Mean	13.2	1.0	12.4	1.1	8.1	0.6	16.1	1.0	14.7	1.5	11.2	0.9	15.4	1.0	12.2	1.0	11.1	0.7
	Q50	10.0	0.8	10.0	1.0	5.0	0.5	12.0	1.0	10.0	1.0	8.0	1.0	11.0	1.0	10.0	1.0	8.0	0.8
disthealth	Mean	18.2	1.2	17.8	1.6	14.4	1.1	20.8	1.2	18.2	1.6	16.5	1.4	21.0	1.1	18.7	1.4	17.9	1.0
	Q50	12.0	1.3	15.0	2.6	10.0	1.3	15.0	1.0	12.0	1.9	11.7	1.5	17.0	0.8	15.0	1.8	14.0	1.0

Tab. 3.25: Land Assets of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ha)

		LoCLoD		LoCMeD		LoCHiD		MeCLoD		MeCMeD		MeCHiD		HiCLoD		HiCMeD		HiCHiD
Variable		est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.
landown	Mean	0.8	0.1	0.6	0.1	1.0	0.1	1.1	0.1	1.1	0.1	0.9	0.1	1.3	0.1	1.3	0.1	1.1	0.1
	Q50	0.5	0.1	0.4	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.8	0.2	0.8	0.1	1.2	0.1	1.2	0.2	0.8	0.1
landshare	Mean	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.7	0.1
	Q50	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.8	0.0	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.4	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.8	0.1
croparea_imp	Mean	1.0	0.0	0.8	0.1	1.1	0.1	1.5	0.0	1.4	0.1	1.3	0.1	1.7	0.0	1.7	0.1	1.4	0.1
	Q50	0.8	0.0	0.6	0.1	0.8	0.0	1.3	0.1	1.2	0.2	1.2	0.1	1.6	0.0	1.6	0.1	1.2	0.1

Tab. 3.12: Est. Production, Sales, and Income of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, Percent/Cedis)

		LoCLoD		LoCMeD		LoCHiD		MeCLoD		MeCMeD		MeCHiD		HiCLoD		HiCMeD		HiCHiD
Variable		est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.
aggross	Mean	764.30	91.89	867.16	267.01	109.18	15.01	1,480.59	156.33	1,001.94	105.61	915.36	75.76	2,051.20	94.36	2,165.55	279.43	1,421.15	116.28
	Q50	322.59	32.34	364.87	54.64	0.00	0.00	906.75	50.29	589.54	105.38	584.03	84.87	1,446.06	80.14	1,171.40	99.60	892.04	97.64
totgross	Mean	799.08	95.35	1,840.20	680.38	33,148.29	3,004.92	1,532.24	158.06	1,962.72	198.77	33,976.45	3,676.22	2,157.56	98.99	4,609.96	636.60	41,257.51	2,760.21
	Q50	330.23	32.57	691.35	105.52	8,451.82	762.28	934.65	47.01	1,148.38	175.96	14,134.41	1,501.61	1,511.40	88.77	2,341.20	250.19	17,071.37	1,510.50
(100 * naggross_sh)	Mean	2.24	0.33	48.18	1.20	98.31	0.17	3.32	0.31	48.00	0.90	91.04	0.50	3.96	0.28	49.47	0.74	91.33	0.42
	Q50	0.00	0.00	45.54	2.46	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	46.81	1.87	95.11	0.87	0.00	0.00	49.02	1.59	95.12	0.57
cropvalue	Mean	572.90	81.55	447.44	49.53	227.41	30.05	1,349.28	154.45	853.43	87.45	831.14	70.41	1,680.17	66.75	1,479.35	114.63	1,045.24	64.32
	Q50	265.33	26.33	320.46	57.85	82.08	14.28	813.72	53.96	536.90	86.16	532.68	75.77	1,187.46	62.01	1,000.32	83.87	662.61	79.28
cropsales	Mean	5.02	2.21	3.65	1.28	0.71	0.23	341.55	22.78	215.81	34.40	211.96	18.26	1,273.75	54.35	1,136.31	93.45	797.40	54.54
	Q50	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	200.00	16.58	120.00	13.00	112.07	8.74	880.00	53.12	792.72	82.31	426.00	72.99
(100 * cropsales_sh)	Mean	0.30	0.05	0.47	0.11	0.07	0.01	29.57	0.59	29.26	1.19	28.12	0.85	76.60	0.72	76.80	1.24	79.13	0.89
	Q50	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	30.40	1.01	30.71	2.23	28.84	1.13	76.94	1.25	78.19	2.51	80.11	1.52
totlvstprod	Mean	14.64	2.84	8.25	2.93	5.90	1.02	77.76	5.66	67.05	9.58	54.62	6.28	300.83	74.86	609.61	239.93	336.41	94.84
	Q50	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	16.16	4.34	16.94	9.90	10.00	5.50	3.70	4.08	5.00	10.20	5.00	5.10
totlivsold	Mean	1.86	0.64	1.43	0.70	0.61	0.18	60.00	4.86	52.12	8.52	39.56	4.97	287.82	74.08	592.38	238.63	326.79	94.63
	Q50	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.99	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.28	0.00	0.51

Tab. 3.13: Est. Small and Large Livestock Holdings for Farms below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ’000 TLU)

		LoCLoD		LoCMeD		LoCHiD		MeCLoD		MeCMeD		MeCHiD		HiCLoD		HiCMeD		HiCHiD
Variable		est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.
(1000 * TLU_horse)	Mean	5	2	1	1	1	0	3	1	5	2	1	0	2	1	2	1	2	1
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(1000 * TLU_cattle)	Mean	21	4	9	3	15	4	24	4	22	6	10	3	26	4	35	17	14	3
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(1000 * TLU_pigs)	Mean	9	2	4	2	3	1	8	1	6	2	7	1	6	1	5	1	4	1
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(1000 * TLU_sheep)	Mean	24	3	17	3	17	1	36	2	45	6	35	2	34	2	32	3	36	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	12	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(1000 * TLU_small)	Mean	8	1	6	1	5	0	12	1	11	1	12	1	11	1	11	1	10	1
	Q50	0	1	3	1	0	0	7	1	8	2	8	1	4	1	7	2	3	1
(1000 * TLU_total)	Mean	67	9	38	7	42	5	83	6	88	13	66	5	79	6	83	18	66	5
	Q50	4	3	4	4	0	0	27	3	32	8	27	4	19	3	19	4	22	4

Tab. 3.14: Est. Agricultural Input Use in Farms below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, percent of farms)

		LoCLoD		LoCMeD		LoCHiD		MeCLoD		MeCMeD		MeCHiD		HiCLoD		HiCMeD		HiCHiD
Variable		est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.	est.	std. err.
(100 * seeds)	Mean	9	1	10	3	13	1	18	2	20	4	21	3	16	2	16	3	20	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * fert_any)	Mean	35	3	17	4	26	2	46	2	42	5	34	4	45	2	42	5	38	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	26	0	26	0	0	0	0	0	26	0	0
(100 * fert_inorg)	Mean	29	3	13	3	18	2	36	3	36	5	27	3	35	2	28	4	25	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * fert_org)	Mean	8	2	5	2	11	2	12	1	8	2	8	1	12	1	15	4	15	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * herb)	Mean	31	3	41	5	41	2	63	3	57	5	64	3	65	2	71	4	57	3
	Q50	0	0	0	22	0	0	100	0	100	0	100	0	100	0	100	0	100	0
(100 * pest)	Mean	15	2	12	3	20	2	26	2	24	5	28	3	38	2	40	5	35	3
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * irr)	Mean	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * fuel)	Mean	16	2	14	4	23	2	28	2	27	4	27	3	35	2	25	4	30	2
	Q50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(100 * hired_labor)	Mean	30	3	38	6	42	2	44	2	40	5	48	4	49	2	59	4	49	3
	Q50	0	0	0	17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	26	0	26	100	0	0	26

Below are estimated distributions of key characteristics for farms below 4 ha (GLSS6, 2012/13).

Fig. 3.19: Est. Farm Sizes of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ha)

Fig. 3.20: Est. Cultivated Area of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ha)

Fig. 3.21: Est. Gross Farm Income of Farm Holdings below 4 ha across Categories (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.22: Est. Farm Holdings below 4 ha with Seed Purchases across Categories (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.23: Est. Farm Holdings below 4 ha using Organic Fertilizer across Categories (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.24: Est. Farm Holdings below 4 ha using Chemical Fertilizer across Categories (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)

Fig. 3.25: Est. Farm Holdings below 4 ha using Fuel and/or Maintenance Services across Categories (2012/13, ’000 Cedis)